Derek Linton is Professor of History at Hobart and William Smith Colleges in Geneva, NY. Derek joined the faculty in 1984 and has published several books, including one on the first Nobel Prize Winner in Medicine, published in 2005. In describing his teaching, Derek has said “I strongly adhere to the notion that “all history is contemporary history.” . . . I very much hope to convey to students that understanding the past is crucial both for comprehending the present and taking effective action.” At the Colleges, he teaches courses on a variety of topics, including Nazi Germany, Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution and, most recently, plants. Its this last course that led me to ask him to “interview” – having heard it described with great enthusiasm by several students who I know who took it this past Spring.
Bibliochef: I discovered you teach a course on plants because I know some students in it, but I don't really know much about the course. Can you describe the course? How long have you been teaching it? What's its title?
Derek: The title of the course is “Plants and Empire: Plants, European Empires and Globalization from Columbus to Genetically Modified Crops.” This spring was the first time that I have taught it, although it picks up on themes that (Professor Emeritus) Bill Atwell and I used to emphasize in our global history course, the Making of the Modern World. The course looks at the dramatic transformation of the geographical distribution of plants since the Columbian voyages. It especially focuses on the profound economic, social and biological consequences that followed. We examine plantation systems, global trade in plants products from sugar, to opium, to quinine; bio-prospecting and even the development of botany and botanical gardens such as Kew in London and botanical illustration within the imperial context.
Bibliochef: How did you come to teach the course? Why a course on plants?
Derek: Successful empires have battened on plants-not on gold, diamonds or silver. Perhaps it is so obvious that we tend to overlook it. But so many of the foodstuffs, flowers, medicines and industrial products that we take for granted-think of tea, coffee, sugar, cotton, quinine- are pervasive because of imperial projects. I thought there needed to be a course that highlighted this- a course on the way that tea, for example, became a global product and its links with the British opium trade, horrifyingly brutal plantations in Assam and Ceylon with repercussions for India and Sri Lanka until today, and a global network of merchants and marketers.
Bibliochef: I know not all plants that are historically important are foods -- tobacco, marijuana, for example. And I certainly know that some plants have been critically important -- sugar or cotton or potatoes, perhaps. But what plant foods do you teach about? Why those particular food plants?
Derek: You have already mentioned one, sugar. We discuss both the West Indian and Brazilian plantations and also the way it became a hugely important foodstuff as sugar trickled down from being sculpted delicacies gracing the tables of the wealthy to a deleterious staple inserted in virtually everything that constitutes ordinary western and increasingly global diets. We also examined tea, coffee and chocolate at length and ended up with GM (genetically modified) corn.
Bibliochef: What do you read in the course? What's your favorite reading? Why?
Derek: Well the reading list was quite extensive. We began with Michael Pollan's Botany of Desire to examine some of human relations to plants-food, beauty, intoxication, relations that are central to the entire course. We then read Wolfgang Shivelbusch, Tastes of Paradise: A Social History of Spices, Stimulants and Intoxicants (spices, coffee); Sidney Mintz, Sweetness and Power (sugar); Londa Shiebinger, Plants and Empire (for more on her, click here); Roy Moxham, Tea (for an interview with Moxham, click here); Fiammetta Rocco, Quinine; Nicola Shulman, A Rage for Rock Gardening and Mark Winston, Travels in the Genetically Modified Zone. I like all of the readings but the Pollan, Schiebinger and Moxham are favorites. The Pollan for the perspective it provides on plant and human coevolution; the Schiebinger for the way she examines knowledge, power and social interests (it it about the way aborifacients used by slave women in the West Indies in the 18th century were ignored in Europe despite a vast interest in medicinal plants-the way knowledge doesn't transmit or is ignored.) Moxham I like for his ability to demonstrate the crucial importance of the tea trade and tea plantations to the British Empire.
Bibliochef: Can you tell us something about the students who take the course? What are they like? Why do you think they take it? What do they do in the course? What do you want them to get from the course?
Derek: The students are varied but many were in environmental studies with which it fits well. Some are interested in the British Empire, which tends to be neglected here. We mostly discuss the readings, although we also made a field trip to the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva and had a tour of the apple orchards with Phil Forsline who travels to China and Kazakhstan tracking down Ur apples. Geneva is a major repository of apple gene plasm. The class this year was a wonderful group-very engaged, curious and critical.
Bibliochef: What's your best memory related to the course?
Derek: I enjoyed the guided tour of the apple orchards, especially the wild looking Ur apples with their imposing thorns.
Bibliochef: If you had an unlimited budget, what would you add to the course?
Derek: We would probably visit one of the sugar islands -- Barbados perhaps, and also take a trip to Kew Garden in London.
Bibliochef: Do you garden or cook? That is, what's your relationship to plants outside the course?
Derek: Hmm. Do I garden? A qualified yes. My wife maintains that she is a gardener and I am a plant freak. I try to acclimatize Himalyan blue poppies and lavish care on specific projects-tree peonies, offbeat hybrid day lilies, ferns. As for cooking, I make stir fries. I love Chinese food-mostly Cantonese. I am also a compulsive hiker, botanizer-with a special attraction to wood ferns-ancient and mysterious.
Bibliochef: Who would you most like to take your course? (I don't mean which student, I mean in your imagination. . . .) If you could have any guest speaker at all for the course who would you invite? Why?
Derek: I think a wide range of students would enjoy and benefit from the course. I doubt that it is good to entertain some vision of an ideal student--classes really work when there are diverse interests and experiences in play. As guest speakers I would like to have Pollan because I very much admire his work on both plants and food; Schiebinger because of the way she brings together plants, power and knowledge, and perhaps the present director of Kew to explore the millennial seed project and what it means to preside over a post-imperial botanical garden.
Bibliochef: What’s the absolutely best meal you have ever had? What made it the best meal?
Derek: Absolutely best meal, hmmm. There have certainly been some standouts -- one at I Quattro Amici in Florence, Italy, really excellent fish restaurant and dim sum at a wonderful restaurant in Guanzho. The quality of the food in both places -- extraordinary tastes.
Bibliochef: What music, films, books related to food and/or food and/or plants would you recommend? Why?
Derek: Two films that come to mind are Ang Lee's film "Eat, Drink, Man, Woman" about a Chinese chef and his four daughters-a subtle exploration of aging, family life and the way food bonds families together. The other film is Satyijat Roy's A Distant Thunder about the Bengali famine of 1943, a famine caused by the British extracting and shipping off grain for the war -- an indictment of empire that gives one a rather different perspective on World War II. Not the good war for Bengali peasants.
Bibliochef: What do you eat for comfort food?
Derek: Nuts -- especially peanuts in elephantine quantities.
Bibliochef: If you were not a historian and faculty member, what other occupation would you like to have? What job would you hope never to do?
Derek: I started out in pre-med-so probably a medical researcher-integrative physiology and biochemistry. I could also imagine doing similar work in botany. I would never want to be an academic administrator, a public relations person for a pharmaceutical firm, or a prison guard--though I have known my share of the first two and have limited experience of the third.
Bibliochef: Do you have a favorite restaurant in the Finger Lakes?
Derek: Chen's Garden on Monroe Ave in Rochester; Cantonese House on Winton for dim sum and Ming's on Monroe for an unpretentious, but very good noodle restaurant-Ho Fun and Shanghai noodles recommended.
Bibliochef: What am I not asking that I should?
Derek: I will let you figure this one out.